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<HTML>

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">

<TITLE>OpenPegasus SSL Guidelines</TITLE>

<html>

<head>

<BODY>

<title>OpenPegasus SSL Guidelines</title>

<H2>OpenPegasus 2.5 SSL Guidelines</H2>

</head>

<body>

<UL>

<h2>OpenPegasus 2.5.1 SSL Guidelines</h2>

<LI><A HREF="#OVERVIEW">Overview</A>

Version: 1.1

Created: July 20, 2005

<LI><A HREF="#RELATED">Related Information</A>

Updated: March 20, 2006

<LI><A HREF="#BUILDING">Building Pegasus with SSL</A>

<LI><A HREF="#CERTS">Creating SSL Certificates</A>

<ul>

<LI><A HREF="#CONFIGURE">Configuring Pegasus for SSL</A>

<li><a href="#OVERVIEW">Overview</a> </li>

<LI><A HREF="#DESIGN">SSL Design Question List</A>

<li><a href="#RELATED">Related Information</a> </li>

<LI><A HREF="#TRUSTSTORE">Truststore Management</A>

<li><a href="#BUILDING">Building Pegasus with SSL</a> </li>

<LI><A HREF="#CLI">ssltrustmgr CLI</A>

<li><a href="#CERTS">Creating SSL Certificates</a> </li>

<LI><A HREF="#CLIENT">Configuring the Pegasus CIM Client for SSL</A>

<li><a href="#CONFIGURE">Configuring Pegasus for SSL</a> </li>

<LI><A HREF="#AUTH">SSL Authorization</A>

<li><a href="#DESIGN">SSL Design Question List</a> </li>

<LI><A HREF="#RESOURCES">Resources</A>

<li><a href="#TRUSTSTORE">Truststore Management</a> </li>

</UL>

<li><a href="#CLI">cimtrust & cimcrl CLI</a> </li>

<li><a href="#CLIENT">Configuring the Pegasus CIM Client for SSL</a> </li>

<li><a href="#AUTH">SSL Authorization</a> </li>

<H3><A NAME="OVERVIEW">Overview</A></H3>

<li><a href="#EXT">Critical Extension Handling</a> </li>

<li><a href="#RESOURCES">Resources</a>

</li>

The following document serves as a guide on how to build and configure Pegasus for SSL support. It also discusses how to utilize a certificate-based

</ul>

infrastructure and configure the Pegasus CIM client. This guide is intended to help developers and

<h3><a name="OVERVIEW">Overview</a></h3>

administrators make the right decisions about how to use SSL for their particular application. It is important to keep in mind

that these are recommendations and may not be applicable to all scenarios. This guide assumes a basic understanding of SSL and basic authentication.

The following document serves as a guide on how to build and configure

For more information on these technologies, consult the sources in the <A HREF="#RESOURCES">Resources</A> section at the bottom.

Pegasus for SSL support. It also discusses how to utilize a

certificate-based

infrastructure and configure the Pegasus CIM client.

<H3><A NAME="RELATED">Related Information</A></H3>

This guide requires a basic understanding of SSL, OpenSSL, and basic

A significant portion of the information in this document is taken from various PEP's.

authentication. This guide is intended to help developers and

This document attempts to bring all of this information

administrators make the right decisions about how to use SSL for their

particular application. It is not intended to be a primary source of

education on SSL. If you are not familiar with these technologies,

consult the sources in the <a href="#RESOURCES">Resources</a> section

at the bottom.

Note: In this document, the term "trust" refers only to

authentication. It does not imply full trust in the traditional sense,

because it does not take into account authorization checks. It remains

the responsibility of providers and clients to perform authorization,

and therefore establish real trust. Likewise, the term "Trust Store"

can be misleading since the "store" is only a source of authentication

credentials. Please bear this in mind when documenting recommended

deployments or building clients or providers.

<h3><a name="RELATED">Related Information</a></h3>

A significant portion of the information in this document is taken from

various PEP's. This document attempts to bring all of this information

together in a cohesive and simplified format.

<UL>

<ul>

<LI>PEP#035 - Add support for /dev/random in SSLContext</LI>

<li>PEP#035 - Add support for /dev/random in SSLContext</li>

<LI>PEP#060 - SSL support in CIM/XML indication delivery</LI>

<li>PEP#060 - SSL support in CIM/XML indication delivery</li>

<LI>PEP#074 - SSLContext and Certificate verification interface enhancement</LI>

<li>PEP#074 - SSLContext and Certificate verification interface

<LI>PEP#155 - Support for Client SSL Certificate Verification in CIM Server for CIMExport requests</LI>

enhancement</li>

<LI>PEP#165 - SSL Client Verification</LI>

<li>PEP#165 - SSL Client Verification</li>

<LI>PEP#187 - SSL Certificate Management Enhancements</LI>

<li>PEP#187 - SSL Certificate Management Enhancements</li>

<LI>PEP#200 - Recommended OpenPegasus 2.5 Build and Configuration Options for Selected Platforms</LI>

<li>PEP#200 - Recommended OpenPegasus 2.5 Build and Configuration

</UL>

Options for Selected Platforms</li>

</ul>

<H3><A NAME="BUILDING">Building Pegasus with SSL</A></H3>

<h3><a name="BUILDING">Building Pegasus with SSL</a></h3>

To build Pegasus with HTTPS support, you will need to build against

To build Pegasus with HTTPS support, you will need to build against the <A HREF="http://www.openssl.org">OpenSSL

the <a href="http://www.openssl.org">OpenSSL package</a>. <font

package</A>. The SSL support outlined here has been tested against recent releases of the major verions 0.9.6X and 0.9.7X (most notably, 0.9.7d).

style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" color="MAGENTA">The SSL support outlined

It has not been tested against major version 0.9.8, which came out in July 2005.

here has been tested against recent releases of the major versions

Because this is an open source project, the SSL support has been tested with many versions of OpenSSL,

0.9.7X and 0.9.8X (most notably, 0.9.7d). Because some versions of

but we cannot guarantee it has been tested with every version on every platform.

0.9.6X do not contain full support for the security functions that

A list of recent OpenSSL releases can be found on the <A HREF="http://www.openssl.org/news">OpenSSL News page</A>.

Pegasus utilizes (for example, certificate-based authentication is not

fully supported by some versions of 0.9.6X), Pegasus does not

officially support major version 0.9.6.

After grabbing the OpenSSL source tarball, you need to set the following environment variables before building Pegasus:

See Bugzilla 4048 for more information.

<UL>

Because this is an open source project, the SSL support has been tested

<LI>PEGASUS_HAS_SSL=1</LI>

with many versions of OpenSSL, but we cannot guarantee it has been

<LI>OPENSSL_HOME=<location of the SDK package> This directory must contain

tested with every version on every platform. A list of recent OpenSSL

the OpenSSL include directory, $(OPENSSL_HOME)/include, and the OpenSSL library

releases, and important-to-review security advisories and fixes, can

directory, $(OPENSSL_HOME)/lib.</LI>

be found on the <a href="http://www.openssl.org/news">OpenSSL News page</a>.

<LI>OPENSSL_BIN=<location of the binary package> This only needs to be

set if the OpenSSL binaries are not in $(OPENSSL_HOME)/bin.</LI>

</UL>

After grabbing the OpenSSL source tarball, you need to set the

following environment variables before building Pegasus:

Note that Pegasus supports SSLv3 and TLSv1 by default. It does NOT support SSLv2.

To turn on SSLv2 support, enable the additional environment variable:

<ul>

<UL>

<li>PEGASUS_HAS_SSL=1</li>

<LI> PEGASUS_ENABLE_SSLV2=1 </LI>

<li>OPENSSL_HOME=<location of the SDK package> This directory

</UL>

must contain the OpenSSL include directory, $(OPENSSL_HOME)/include,

and the OpenSSL library directory, $(OPENSSL_HOME)/lib.</li>

It is not recommended to enable this protocol, as there have been many security holes associated with it. Unless you are dealing

<li>OPENSSL_BIN=<location of the binary package> This only

with very outdated clients, you probably do not need to enable it.

needs to be set if the OpenSSL binaries are not in $(OPENSSL_HOME)/bin.</li>

</ul>

Note that Pegasus supports SSLv3 and TLSv1 by default. It does NOT

After setting these variables, proceed as normal with the build instructions in the readme file.

support SSLv2. To turn on SSLv2 support, enable the additional

environment variable:

<ul>

<H3><A NAME="CERTS">Creating SSL Certificates</A></H3>

<li> PEGASUS_ENABLE_SSLV2=1 </li>

</ul>

It is not recommended to enable this protocol, as there have been many

security weaknesses associated with it. Unless you are dealing

with very outdated clients, you probably do not need to enable it.

After setting these variables, proceed as normal with the build

instructions in the readme file.

<h3><a name="CERTS">Creating SSL Certificates</a></h3>

There are two options for creating the CIMOM's certificate:

<UL>

<ul>

<LI>Self-signed certificate</LI>

<li>Self-signed certificate</li>

<LI>Certificate issued by a third-party certificate authority</LI>

<li>Certificate issued by a third-party certificate authority</li>

</UL>

</ul>

To generate a self-signed certificate, you must create a private key, a certificate signing request (CSR), and finally the public x509 certificate.

To generate a self-signed certificate, you must create a private key, a

You also need an SSL configuration file that defines the parameters of the Distinguished Name (DN). You can use the one that comes with Pegasus,

certificate signing request (CSR), and finally the public x509

ssl.cnf in the root directory, or generate your own. For a self-signed certificate, the subject

certificate.

is the same as the issuer. Execute the following commands to create a self-signed certificate.

You also need an SSL configuration file that defines the parameters of

The PEGASUS_ROOT and PEGASUS_HOME have to be set to your respective installation and source directory.

the Distinguished Name (DN). You can use the one that comes with

Pegasus, ssl.cnf in the root directory, or generate your own. For a

self-signed certificate, the subject

<pre

is the same as the issuer. Execute the following commands to create a

self-signed certificate. The PEGASUS_ROOT and PEGASUS_HOME have to be

style="font-style: italic; font-family: courier new,courier,monospace; margin-left: 40px;">CN="Common Name"

set to your respective installation and source directory. You will also

need an OpenSSL configuration

EMAIL="test@email.address"

file. There is a sample configuration file that comes with the OpenSSL

package.

HOSTNAME=`uname -n`

<ul>

sed -e "s/$CN/$HOSTNAME/" \

<li>To generate a private key, execute the following:

openssl genrsa -out

-e "s/$EMAIL/root@$HOSTNAME/" $PEGASUS_ROOT/ssl.cnf \

myserver.key 1024

Set the "sslKeyFilePath" configuration property to point to this key

> $PEGASUS_HOME/ssl.cnf

file. </li>

<li>To generate a certificate signing request, execute the following:

chmod 644 $PEGASUS_HOME/ssl.cnf

openssl req -config

openssl.cnf -new -key myserver.key -out myserver.csr

chown bin $PEGASUS_HOME/ssl.cnf

</li>

<li> At this point, the certificate signing request can be sent out

chgrp bin $PEGASUS_HOME/ssl.cnf

to a third-party certificate authority for signing, or a self-signed

certificate can be generated. To generate a self-signed certificate,

execute the following:

openssl x509 -in myserver.csr

/usr/bin/openssl req -x509 -days 365 -newkey rsa:1024 \

-out myserver.cert -req -signkey myserver.key -days 365

Set the "sslCertificateFilePath" configuration property to point to

-nodes -config $PEGASUS_HOME/ssl.cnf \

this certificate file. The above CSR file can be discarded after the

certificate is created.

-keyout $PEGASUS_HOME/key.pem -out $PEGASUS_HOME/cert.pem

</li>

</ul>

After creating the keypair, make sure you protect the information

cp $PEGASUS_HOME/cert.pem $PEGASUS_HOME/client.pem</pre>

sufficiently by changing permissions on the files and/or directories.

With the above command, key.pem is sslKeyFilePath. cert.pem is sslCertificateFilePath, and client.pem is the client's truststore file.

To generate a CSR, execute the following command. This CSR is generally what a third-party CA requires. You submit the CSR to them and then they

send you the signed certificate.

<pre

style="font-style: italic; font-family: courier new,courier,monospace; margin-left: 40px;">

>openssl req -newkey rsa:1024 -nodes -config $PEGASUS_HOME/ssl.cnf -keyout key.pem -out req.pem

</PRE>

After creating the keypair, make sure you protect the information sufficiently by changing permissions on the files and/or directories.

The following table shows the recommended privileges:

<tbody>

<tr>

<TBODY>

<th>Pegasus Config property</th>

<TR><TH>SSL file</TH><TH>Pegasus Config property</TH><TH>Permissions</TH></TR>

<th>Permissions</th>

<TR><TD>Private key</td><TD>sslKeyFilePath</TD><TD>rwx------</TD></TR>

</tr>

<TR><TD>Public certificate</td><TD>sslCertificateFilePath</TD> <TD>rwxr-xr-x</TD></TR>

<tr>

<TR><TD>Truststore</td><TD>sslTrustStore, exportSSLTruststore</TD> <TD>rwxr-xr-x</TD></TR>

<td>Private key</td>

<TR><TD>CRL store </td><TD>crlStore</TD> <TD>rwxr-xr-x</TD></TR>

<td>sslKeyFilePath</td>

</TBODY>

</TABLE>

</tr>

<tr>

Pegasus only checks the following conditions when starting up. The administrator is responsible for ensuring that the above file permissions

<td>Public certificate</td>

are set correctly. The administrator should also ensure that all containing directories all the way up to the base directory are not world-writeable.

<td>sslCertificateFilePath</td>

<UL>

<LI>The sslKeyFilePath and the sslCertificateFilePath are readable by the CIMOM.</LI>

</tr>

<LI>The sslTrustStore, exportSSLTrustStore, and crlStore are readable by the CIMOM if they are a single file.</LI>

<tr>

<LI>The sslTrustStore, exportSSLTrustStore, and crlStore are readable and writable by the CIMOM if they are a directory.</LI>

<td>Truststore</td>

</UL>

<td>sslTrustStore</td>

These same file permissions should be used for protecting a client's private key, public key, truststore, and crl store as well.

</tr>

<tr>

For more information on generating keys and certificates, consult the <A HRef="http://www.openssl.org/docs/HOWTO/">OpenSSL

<td>CRL store </td>

HOW-TO documentation</A>.

<td>crlStore</td>

<H3><A NAME="CONFIGURE">Configuring Pegasus for SSL</A></H3>

</tr>

There are many environment variable settings associated with SSL. Here is a brief discussion of the subtleties of these options and how they work together to

</tbody>

create a more secure environment. More information on the default and recommended settings can be found in

</table>

PEP#200 Recommended OpenPegasus 2.5 Build and Configuration Options for Selected Platforms. Additionally, the section on

<A HREF="#DESIGN">Design Question List</A> should help determine what these settings should be for a given application.

The administrator is responsible for ensuring that the above file

permissions are set correctly. The administrator should also ensure

that all containing directories all the way up to the base directory

enableHttpsConnection

are not world-writable. Pegasus only checks the following conditions

This is enabled by default on most platforms. It is recommended that

when starting up:

all remote communication be done over the HTTPS port. If you are sending cleartext

passwords over the wire, it is imperative that you only use the secure port.

<ul>

For added security, the HTTP port can be disabled to prevent clients from connecting

<li>The sslKeyFilePath and the sslCertificateFilePath are readable by

to it.

the CIMOM.</li>

<li>The sslTrustStore and crlStore are readable

httpsPort

by the CIMOM if they are a single file.</li>

The default setting is 5989, the official WBEM secure port.

<li>The sslTrustStore and crlStore are readable

sslCertificateFilePath

and writable by the CIMOM if they are a directory.</li>

This is the path to the x509 server certificate.

</ul>

The server certificate may be a chain in which case the file should contain PEM encoded certificates beginning with the server certificate

and followed by each signing certificate authority (CA) including the root CA. If the server certificate is a self signed certificate,

These same file permissions should be used for protecting a client's

the file only contains the self-signed certificate in PEM format.

private key, public key, truststore, and crl store as well.

The certificate cannot be encrypted because there is currently no mechanism for decrypting the certificate using a user-supplied password.

This property must be defined if enableHttpsConnection is true.

For more information on generating keys and certificates, consult

Any failure in finding this file will result in the cimserver failing to start.

the <a href="http://www.openssl.org/docs/HOWTO/">OpenSSL HOW-TO

See <A HREF="#CERTS">Creating SSL Certificates</A> for more information.

documentation</a>.

<h3><a name="CONFIGURE">Configuring Pegasus for SSL</a></h3>

sslKeyFilePath

There are many environment variable settings associated with SSL. Here

This is the path to the server's private key. All keys should be at least 1024 bytes long. This property must be defined if

is a brief discussion of the subtleties of these options and how they

enableHttpsConnection is true. Any failure in finding this file will result in the cimserver failing to start.

work together to

See <A HREF="#CERTS">Creating SSL Certificate</A> for more information.

create a more secure environment. More information on the default and

recommended settings can be found in PEP#200 Recommended OpenPegasus

sslClientVerificationMode

2.5 Build and Configuration Options for Selected Platforms.

This setting controls how the cimserver (i.e. the HTTPS port) is configured.

Additionally, the section on <a href="#DESIGN">Design Question List</a>

It does not control the configuration of the export connection. There are three

should help determine what these settings should be for a given

possible settings: disabled, required, optional. There is no "right" setting

application.

for this property. The default is disabled and it is fine to

enableHttpsConnection

leave the setting as disabled if you are going to use basic authentication to

This is disabled by default on most platforms. It is recommended that

authenticate all client requests. In many applications where a physical person

all remote communication be done over the HTTPS port. However, if you

is there to supply a username and password, basic authentication is sufficient.

are sending cleartext passwords over the wire, it is imperative that

Other

you only use the secure port. For added security, the HTTP port can be

environments may be heterogeneous, in which case it makes sense to allow both

disabled to prevent clients from connecting to it. The HTTPS connection

basic authentication and SSL certificate verification. The setting of this variable

is enabled by default only on the following platforms:

also impacts what happens during the OpenSSL handshake:

<UL>

<LI>"required" -- The server requires that the client certificate be trusted in order for the handshake to continue.

<ul>

If the client fails to send a certificate or sends an untrusted certificate, the handshake is immediately terminated.</LI>

<li>LINUX</li>

<LI>"optional" -- The server will request that a client certificate be sent, but will continue the handshake even if no certificate is

received. If authentication is enabled, the server will seek to authenticate the client via an alternative method of authentication.</LI>

<li>HP_UX (if PEGASUS_USE_RELEASE_CONFIG_OPTIONS is true)</li>

<LI>"disabled" -- The server will not prompt the client for a certificate. This is the default.</LI>

<li>VMS (if PEGASUS_USE_RELEASE_CONFIG_OPTIONS is true)</li>

</UL>

</ul>

Pegasus currently ties a certificate to a valid OS user. Multiple certificates may be registered to the same user. When a certificate is

authenticated, Pegasus views it in the same way as if a user was authenticated via basic authentication. The providers

receive the username that the certificate was mapped to. See the SSL Authorization section

httpsPort

The default setting is 5989, the official WBEM secure port.

sslCertificateFilePath

This is the path to the x509 server certificate. The server certificate

may be a chain in which case the file should contain PEM encoded

certificates beginning with the server certificate and followed by each

signing certificate authority (CA) including the root CA. If the server

certificate is a self signed certificate, the file only contains the

self-signed certificate in PEM format.

The certificate cannot be encrypted because there is currently no

mechanism for decrypting the certificate using a user-supplied

password. This property must be defined if enableHttpsConnection is

true. Any failure in finding this file will result in the cimserver

failing to start. See <a href="#CERTS">Creating SSL Certificates</a>

for more information.

sslKeyFilePath

sslTrustStore

This is the path to the server's private key. All keys should be at

This setting controls the truststore for the cimserver's HTTPS connection. It can be

least 1024 bytes long. This property must be defined if

either a directory or a single root CA file. When set to a directory, it is recommended that you use the ssltrustmgr CLI

enableHttpsConnection is true. Any failure in finding this file will

to populate the truststore as there are strict naming requirements for trusted certificate files. See the <A HREF="#CLI">ssltrustmgr CLI</A>

result in the cimserver failing to start. See <a href="#CERTS">Creating

SSL Certificate</a> for more information.

sslClientVerificationMode

This setting controls how the cimserver (i.e. the HTTPS port) is

configured. There are three possible settings: disabled, required,

optional. There is no "right" setting for this property. The default is

disabled and it is fine to leave the setting as disabled if you are

going to use basic authentication to authenticate all client requests.

In many applications where a physical person is there to supply a

username and password, basic authentication is sufficient. Other

environments may be heterogeneous, in which case it makes sense to

allow both basic authentication and SSL certificate verification. The

setting of this variable also impacts what happens during the OpenSSL

handshake:

<ul>

<li>"required" -- The server requires that the client

certificate be trusted in order for the handshake to continue. If the

client fails to send a certificate or sends an untrusted certificate,

the handshake is immediately terminated.</li>

<li>"optional" -- The server will request that a client

certificate be sent, but will continue the handshake even if no

certificate is received. If authentication is enabled, the server will

seek to authenticate the client via an alternative method of

authentication. As

of 2.5.1, if a certificate is sent but it is not validated, the

handshake will fail. Before 2.5.1,the handshake would have

continued and basic authentication would have proceeded. </li>

<li>"disabled" -- The server will not prompt the client for a

certificate. This is the default.</li>

</ul>

Pegasus currently ties a certificate to a valid OS user. Multiple

certificates may be registered to the same user. When a certificate is

authenticated, Pegasus views it in the same way as if a user was

authenticated via basic authentication. The providers

receive the username that the certificate was mapped to. See the SSL

Authorization section

for more information.

sslTrustStore

This setting controls the truststore for the cimserver's HTTPS

connection. It can be

either a directory or a single root CA file. When set to a directory,

it is recommended that you use the cimtrust CLI to populate the

truststore as there are strict naming requirements for trusted

certificate files. See the <a href="#CLI">cimtrust & cimcrl CLI</a>

section for further information.

sslTrustStoreUserName

sslTrustStoreUserName

This setting is only utilized if the sslTrustStore is a single CA file. It is not used if the sslTrustStore setting is a directory,

This setting is only utilized if the sslTrustStore is a single CA file.

but it still must be set to a valid system user. This is because the validation of the property is done independently of the sslTrustStore

It is not used if the sslTrustStore setting is a directory, but it

setting. This property represents the valid OS user that corresponds to the root certificate. All requests authenticated with a certificate

still must be set to a valid system user. This is because the

under the root CA will be associated with this user and the username will be propagated to providers. If applications desire for there to

validation of the property is done independently of the sslTrustStore

be a one-to-one correspondence between users and certificates, it is recommended that each certificate be registered individually using the

setting. This property represents the valid OS user that corresponds to

<A HREF="#CLI">ssltrustmgr CLI</A>.

the root certificate. All requests authenticated with a certificate

crlStore

under the root CA will be associated with this user and the username

This is where the CRL (Certificate Revocation List) store resides. There is

will be propagated to providers. If applications desire for there to be

only one CRL store for all truststores. Currently, only two truststores are

a one-to-one correspondence between users and certificates, it is

supported (cimserver and export) and these both share the same CRL store. It

recommended that each certificate be registered individually using the

is important to note that certificates are checked first against the CRL (if

<a href="#CLI">cimtrust CLI</a>.

specified) and then against the truststore. The <A Href="#CLI">ssltrustmgr CLI</A>

crlStore

should be used for CRL management.

This is where the CRL (Certificate Revocation List) store resides.

It is important to note that certificates are

enableSSLExportClientVerification

checked first against the CRL (if specified) and then against the

This setting controls whether an ADDITIONAL port is used to listen for incoming indications. This port is used only as a CIM indication listener

server truststore. The <a href="#CLI">cimcrl CLI</a> should be used for

and only supports HTTPS. The port number of the export connection is currently not configurable; the port is determined by looking

CRL management.

in /etc/services for the service name wbem-exp-https. The default value of this port is 5990.

<h4>Configuration Limitations</h4>

The export port is primarily used as a way to authenticate client indication requests. Because indications are generated by providers

and do not have a username/password associated with them, traditional basic authentication cannot be sent in the export request. To work

around this, a truststore can be configured to authenticate incoming requests. This truststore is configured like the "required"

setting of sslClientVerificationMode.

exportSSLTrustStore

This setting controls the truststore for the export connection. It may be the same as the sslTrustStore. Additionally, it can be

either a directory or a single root CA file. When set to a directory, it is recommended that you use the <A HREF="#CLI">ssltrustmgr CLI</A>

to populate the truststore as there are strict naming requirements for trusted certificate files.

<H4>Configuration Limitations</H4>

The following are configuration limitations:

<ul>

<UL>

<li>The x509 server certificate file cannot be encrypted. The reason

<LI>The x509 server certificate file cannot be encrypted. The reason for this is that there is currently no mechanism in Pegasus to grab the

for this is that there is currently no mechanism in Pegasus to grab the

password needed to unencrypt it. Therefore, the best way to secure the file is to follow the file permissions settings specified in <A HREF="#CERTS">Creating SSL Certificates.</A></LI>

password needed to unencrypt it. Therefore, the best way to secure the

<LI>There is no property to specify supported cipher lists at this time. Pegasus uses the default OpenSSL cipher list. The cipher lists can be found at

file is to follow the file permissions settings specified in <a

<A HREF="http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#SSL_v3_0_cipher_suites_">http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#SSL_v3_0_cipher_suites_</A> and

href="#CERTS">Creating SSL Certificates.</a></li>

<A HREF="http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#TLS_v1_0_cipher_suites_">http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#TLS_v1_0_cipher_suites_</A></LI>

<li>There is no property to specify supported cipher lists at this

<LI>The verification depth cannot be specified. Pegasus uses the default OpenSSL depth of 9. This means the OpenSSL will only accept client

time. Pegasus uses the default OpenSSL cipher list. The cipher lists

certificate chains up to 9 levels deep.</LI>

can be found at <a

</UL>

href="http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#SSL_v3_0_cipher_suites_">http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#SSL_v3_0_cipher_suites_</a>

and <a

<H3><A NAME="DESIGN">SSL Design Question List</A></H3>

href="http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#TLS_v1_0_cipher_suites_">http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#TLS_v1_0_cipher_suites_</a></li>

<li>The verification depth cannot be specified. Pegasus uses the

The following questions may be helpful in determining how to configure Pegasus CIM Server.

default OpenSSL depth of 9. This means the OpenSSL will only accept

client certificate chains up to 9 levels deep.</li>

Should I enable the HTTPS port?

<li>No hostname checking is performed to ensure that the subject

Yes, especially if you are sending passwords with requests. The HTTP port can be disabled for additional security if desired.

field of the distinguished name (DN) matches the hostname.</li>

</ul>

Should I enable the export port?

<h3><a name="DESIGN">SSL Design Question List</a></h3>

Currently, the export connection provides the only way to authenticate incoming CIM indication requests.

The following questions may be helpful in determining how to

Because basic authentication cannot be used with these requests, the export connection should be enabled if

configure Pegasus CIM Server.

there is a concern over rogue client export requests. Otherwise, the export requests can still be sent over

Should I enable the HTTPS port?

HTTPS using the standard port; the information will be encrypted but the client's identity will not be validated.

Yes, especially if you are sending passwords with requests. The HTTP

port can be disabled for additional security if desired.

Should I configure the CIMOM to use a truststore?

This depends on the infrastructure of the application. If all clients are using basic authentication over the secure port

Should I configure the CIMOM to use a truststore?

(and the passwords are secured), then a truststore may not be needed. If an application does not want to store user/pw information,

This depends on the infrastructure of the application. If all clients

then it is a good idea to use a certificate-based infrastructure. If a CIMOM certificate is compromised, the cimserver and the providers

are using basic authentication over the secure port

of the system are compromised. The severity of this scenario is dependent on the resources the providers have access to.

(and the passwords are secured), then a truststore may not be needed.

If an OS password is compromised, the entire system may be compromised.

If an application does not want to store user/pw information,

If using peer verification, it is important to ensure that 1) the cimserver is properly configured to use a truststore,

then it is a good idea to use a certificate-based infrastructure. If a

2) the truststore is loaded properly and protected, and 3) authorization checks are performed after a certificate is verified.

CIMOM certificate is compromised, the cimserver and the providers

These same conditions also apply to a client that is verifying a server.

of the system are compromised. The severity of this scenario is

dependent on the resources the providers have access to. If an OS

Should I use a self-signed certificate or one issued by a third-party certificate authority?

password is compromised, the entire system may be compromised.

Generally, scalability will determine whether it's appropriate to use a self-signed certificate or one issued by Verisign

If using peer verification, it is important to ensure that 1) the

cimserver is properly configured to use a truststore,

2) the truststore is loaded properly and protected, and 3)

authorization checks are performed after a certificate is verified.

These same conditions also apply to a client that is verifying a server.

Should I use a self-signed certificate or one issued by a

third-party certificate authority?

Generally, scalability will determine whether it's appropriate to use a

self-signed certificate or one issued by Verisign

or another third-party certificate authority.

If an administrator administrates their self-singed certificates correctly, they are

If an administrator administrates their self-signed certificates

no less secure than one issued by a CA. What a CA buys you is scalability. An up front cost of

correctly, they are no less secure than one issued by a CA. What a CA

setting up a CA relationship will be offset by the convenience of having that

buys you is scalability. An up front cost of setting up a CA

CA "vouch" for certs it has signed, in large deployments. In small deployments

relationship will be offset by the convenience of having that CA

the incremental cost might never outweigh the initial CA-setup cost.

"vouch" for certs it has signed, in large deployments. In small

One important thing to remember is that

deployments the incremental cost might never outweigh the initial

you should not use the same certificate for multiple CIMOMs. If using a self-signed

CA-setup cost.

certificate, a different one should be generated for each CIMOM, using some unique

One important thing to remember is that you should not use the same

piece of data to make them different. That way, if one of the certificates is

certificate for multiple CIMOMs. If using a self-signed certificate, a

compromised, the other ones remain secure.

different one should be generated for each CIMOM, using some unique

Should the truststore be a single root CA file or a directory?

piece of data to make them different. That way, if one of the

If you only anticipate connections from a narrowly defined set of clients, then a single root CA certificate file should be sufficient.

certificates is compromised, the other ones remain secure.

Alternatively, multiple trusted certificates may be stored in PEM format inside of a single CA file.

Should the truststore be a single root CA file or a directory?

If you anticipate getting requests from a heterogeneous set of clients, then it probably makes sense to use the directory option

If you only anticipate connections from a narrowly defined set of

to allow flexibility in the future. In the latter scenario, the same single root CA file can still be used with the additional step of using ssltrustmgr to register it.

clients, then a single root CA certificate file should be sufficient.

It's important to note that when registering a root CA, only one user can be associated with ALL certificates under that CA. Following the principle of

Alternatively, multiple trusted certificates may be stored in PEM

least privilege, it is not a good idea to register a root CA to a privileged user if lesser privileged users will be connecting with it.

format inside of a single CA file.

If you anticipate getting requests from a heterogeneous set of clients,

How do I protect the keystore and the truststore?

then it probably makes sense to use the directory option to allow

The server's private key should always be protected; it is private for a reason.

flexibility in the future. In the latter scenario, the same single root

Only the system administrator should be able to see it. The public certificate

CA file can still be used with the additional step of using cimtrust

can be viewed by anyone, however, it should be protected from alteration by system

to register it.

users. Similarly, any truststore or CRL file or directory should also be protected

It's important to note that when registering a root CA, only one user

from alteration. See <A HREF="#CERTS">Creating SSL Certificates</A> for the recommended

can be associated with ALL certificates under that CA. Following the

file privileges.

principle of

When do I need to use a CRL?

least privilege, it is not a good idea to register a root CA to a

Certificate Revocation Lists are regularly issued by CA's. They contain a list

privileged user if lesser privileged users will be connecting with it.

of certificates that have been revoked. Any application using a CA certificate

in its truststore should also implement CRLs (if the CA supports them). Pegasus itself

How do I protect the keystore and the truststore?

does not check CRL validity dates during startup. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the administrator

The server's private key should always be protected; it is private for

to regularly download or acquire the CRL and import it into the CRL store using the <A Href="#CLI">ssltrustmgr CLI</A>.

a reason. Only the system administrator should be able to see it. The

public certificate can be viewed by anyone, however, it should be

If using self-signed certificates, however, a CRL is most likely not needed (You can create a self-signed CRL but it is not really

protected from alteration by system users. Similarly, any truststore or

necessary). Because of this, the certificate deletion option available via ssltrusmgr is primarily intended for self-signed certificates.

CRL file or directory should also be protected from alteration. See <a

Technically, CRL's are the correct way to revoke compromised or invalid certificates.

href="#CERTS">Creating SSL Certificates</a> for the recommended file

privileges.

What is the order of operations for certificate verification?

When do I need to use a CRL?

The certificate is checked against any CRLs first before going through the rest of the verification process. Verification starts with the

Certificate Revocation Lists are regularly issued by CA's. They contain

root certificate and continues down to the peer certificate. If verification fails at any of these points, the certificate is considered

a list of certificates that have been revoked. Any application using a

CA certificate in its truststore should also implement CRLs (if the CA

supports them). Pegasus itself

does not check CRL validity dates during startup. Therefore, it is the

responsibility of the administrator

to regularly download or acquire the CRL and import it into the CRL

store using the <a href="#CLI">cimcrl CLI</a>.

CRLs are not checked

for expiration during the SSL callback. This means that if a CRL for a

particular issuer has expired,

Pegasus still accepts certificates from the issuer and uses the expired

CRL as the latest. Again, it is the responsibility of the administrator

to ensure the CRL is up to date. CRLs are not checked for critical

extensions during CRL verification. If a CRL contains a critical

extension it will be ignored.

If using self-signed certificates, however, a CRL is most likely not

needed (You can create a self-signed CRL but it is not really

necessary). Because of this, the certificate deletion option available

via cimtrust is primarily intended for self-signed certificates.

Technically, CRL's are the correct way to revoke compromised or invalid

certificates.

What is the order of operations for certificate verification?

The certificate is checked against any CRLs first before going through

the rest of the verification process. Verification starts with the

root certificate and continues down to the peer certificate. If

verification fails at any of these points, the certificate is

considered

untrusted and the verification process reports an error.

<h3><a name="TRUSTSTORE">Truststore Management</a></h3>

There are two directions of trust in an SSL client-server handshake:

<H3><A NAME="TRUSTSTORE">Truststore Management</A></H3>

The client trusts the server. The server trusts the client. Pegasus

There are two directions of trust in an SSL client-server handshake: The client trusts the server. The server trusts the client. Pegasus

provides a way to implement one or both of these relationships.

provides a way to implement one or both of these relationships. Ideally, an application should support both levels of trust for maximum

Ideally, an application should support both levels of trust for maximum

security and this is the implementation Pegasus recommends. However, in some scenarios it may make sense to only implement one of these;

security and this is the implementation Pegasus recommends. However, in

in that case, it is possible to override the client or the server to "trust all certificates." For example, if all clients will be using

some scenarios it may make sense to only implement one of these; in

basic authentication over HTTPS, then the server can be setup to "trust all client certificates."

that case, it is possible to override the client or the server to

To tell the cimserver to require that all clients be trusted, simply set the

"trust all certificates." For example, if all clients will be using

sslClientVerification property to "required."

basic authentication over HTTPS, then the server can be setup to "trust

To tell the cimserver to trust all clients, set the sslClientVerification property

all client certificates."

to "disabled" or "optional".

To tell the cimserver to require that all clients be trusted,

simply set the sslClientVerification<font style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"

color="MAGENTA">Mode property to "required."

To tell the cimserver to trust all clients, set the

The SSL verification in Pegasus is independent of any other authentication mechanism. It can still be utilized when authentication is disabled.

sslClientVerificationMode

When authentication is enabled, the first line of defense is SSL client verification.

property to "disabled" or "optional".

In situations where a client is not authenticated by SSL and the setting is "optional", the server will attempt to authenticate the client

via another method of authentication. In this case, the authentication mechanism specified by the configuration property "httpAuthType" will be used

The SSL verification in Pegasus is independent of any other

for remote connections and local authentication will be used for local connections.

authentication mechanism. It can still be utilized when authentication

is disabled.

When authentication is enabled, the first line of defense is SSL client

See the <A HREF="#CLIENT">Configuring the Pegasus CIM Client for SSL</A> section below on how to setup the client's truststore.

verification.

In situations where a client is not authenticated by SSL because the

<H3><A NAME="CLI">ssltrustmgr CLI</A></H3>

client sent no certificate and the setting is "optional", the server

will attempt to authenticate the client via another method of

Pegasus 2.5 comes with a new CLI, ssltrustmgr, that should be used to manage the cimserver's truststore, the export truststore, and the CRL store.

authentication . In this case, the authentication mechanism specified

The CLI interfaces with a certificate control provider that runs as part of Pegasus's core. It operates on the PG_SSLCertificate and PG_SSLCertificateRevocationList

by the configuration property "httpAuthType" will be used for remote

classes in root/pg_internal.

connections and local authentication will be used for local

It is recommended that this CLI be used in place of manual configuration for several reasons:

connections.

<UL>

In situations where a client is not authenticated by SSL because the

<LI>OpenSSL places strict naming restrictions on certificates and CRLs in a directory (the files are looked up via a subject hash code)</LI>

client certificate was invalid, the handshake will be terminated.

<LI>Certificate instances are stored in the repository along with the corresponding username. If the certificate is not properly registered,

Note: Before 2.5.1, in the latter case, authentication would have

the username mapping will fail.</LI>

proceeded in the same way as if the client had sent no certificate. To

<LI>The CLI allows for dynamic deletion of certificates by resetting the SSL context. Normally, you would need to stop and start

enable the legacy behavior, the compile-time flag

the cimserver to accomplish this.</LI>

PEGASUS_OVERRIDE_SSL_CERT_VERIFICATION_RESULT should be defined.

<LI>The CLI, or more correctly the provider it operates on, performs a ton of error checking you would not get by manually configuring

the stores. This alerts the administrator to various error conditions (e.g. the certificate expired) associated with a certificate or CRL.</LI>

See the <a href="#CLIENT">Configuring the Pegasus CIM Client for SSL</a>

</UL>

section below on how to setup the client's truststore.

The CIMOM must be up and running while executing ssltrustmgr. The ssltrustmgr manpage provides more information on commands and syntax.

<h3><a name="CLI">cimtrust & cimcrl CLI</a></h3>

cimtrust CLI may be used to add, remove or list X509 certificates in a

PEM format truststore. cimcrl CLI may be used to add, remove or list

<H3><A NAME="CLIENT">Configuring the Pegasus CIM Client for SSL</A></H3>

X509 Certificate Revocation Lists in a PEM format CRL store.

The Pegasus CIM client can be configured for SSL by using a constructor that

takes an SSLContext. The construction of the SSLContext is really what controls

The CLIs interface with a Certificate control provider that runs as

the behavior of the client during the SSL handshake. Without going into minute

part of Pegasus's core. It operates on the PG_SSLCertificate and

details about what happens under the covers, here is a description of the various

PG_SSLCertificateRevocationList classes in root/PG_Internal.

SSLContext constructor parameters. The descriptions are written from a client

It is recommended that the CLIs be used in place of manual

perspective even though the same constructors are utilized by the cimserver

configuration for several reasons:

HTTPS port and export port.

<ul>

<UL>

<li>OpenSSL places strict naming restrictions on certificates and

<LI>trustStore -- This specifies the truststore that the client uses to verify server certificates. It can be String::EMPTY if no truststore exists. </LI>

CRLs in a directory (the files are looked up via a subject hash code)</li>

<li>Certificate instances are stored in the repository along with the

<LI>certPath -- This specifies the x509 certificate of the client that will be sent during an SSL handshake. Note that this certificate will

corresponding username. If the certificate is not properly registered,

only be sent if the server requests it. If this option is specified, the keyPath parameter must also be specified.</LI>

the username mapping will fail. <span

style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">cimtrust CLI supports the

<LI>keyPath -- This specifies the private key of the client. If this option is specified, the certPath parameter must also be specified.</LI>

ability to register a certificate without a username for root

certificates and intermediate certificates, since these certificates

<LI>crlPath -- This specifies an optional CRL store path. The client checks the CRL list first, before attempting any further authentication,

represent a collection of users. In this scenario, each leaf

including the user-specified callback.</LI>

certificate must be registered to an individual user. See the

Authorization section for more information on username validation.

<LI>verifyCert -- This is a user-specified verification callback. If this is set to null, the default OpenSSL verification callback will

</li>

be executed. You can implement this method to "trust all servers" or to perform additional authentication checks that OpenSSL does not perform

<li>The CLIs,

by default.</LI>

or more correctly the provider they operate on, supports dynamic

deletion of certificates by resetting the cimserver's SSL context.

<LI>randomFile -- A file to seed the pseudo random number generator (PRNG).</LI>

Normally, you would need to stop and start the cimserver to

accomplish this.</li>

</UL>

<li>The CLIs, or more correctly the provider they operate on, performs

a ton of error checking you would not get by manually configuring the

Here are some general guidelines on implementing peer verification for the client:

stores. This alerts the administrator to various error conditions (e.g.

<UL>

the certificate expired) associated with a certificate or CRL.</li>

<LI>The client should enable peer verification by specifying a truststore and (optionally) a user-specified callback function.</LI>

</ul>

<LI>The client should employ a truststore in order to properly verify the server. The truststore should contain a file or directory of

The CIMOM must be up and running while executing cimtrust/cimcrl CLI. The

trusted CA certificates. The ssltrustmgr CLI cannot be used to configure client truststores. The trusted certificate(s) should be placed

cimtrust and cimcrl manpages provide more information on commands and syntax.

in a protected file or directory specified by the trustStore parameter. Keep in mind that the SSL context generally has to be reloaded

<h3><a name="CLIENT">Configuring the Pegasus CIM Client for SSL</a></h3>

to pick up any truststore changes.</LI>

A Pegasus CIM client can be configured to use SSL by using a

<LI>The client should use a user-specified callback in addition to the default if there are additional error conditions the client wants to check.

constructor that takes an SSLContext. The construction of the

In most cases, the default verification callback is sufficient for checking untrusted certificates.</LI>

SSLContext is really what controls the behavior of the client during

<LI>The client should ensure that adequate entropy is attained.</LI>

the SSL handshake. Without going into minute details about what happens

<LI>The client should use a CRL store if the truststore contains CA certificates that support one.</LI>

under the covers, here is a description of the various SSLContext

<LI>The client should only use the SSLv3 and TLSv1 protocols. By default, Pegasus is not built with SSLv2 support.</LI>

constructor parameters.

Here's a code snippet that shows how to call a client constructor

<li>The client should terform post-connection checks. </li>

that connects to a server over SSL and can present its own trusted

certificate if the server requests it. In this scenario, the client

also checks the server certificate against its truststore and specifies

an additional callback in addition to the default one (the

user-specified callback is optional and can be set to null).

<ul>

client.connect( hostname, port, SSLContext(trustStore,

certPath, keyPath, verifyCert, randomFile), username, password);

</ul>

Here's a code snippet that shows how to call a client constructor

that connects to a server over SSL and does not possess its own trusted

certificate. In this scenario, the client also checks the server

certificate against its truststore.

<ul>

client.connect( hostname, port, SSLContext(trustStore,

NULL, randomFile), username password);

</ul>

<ul>

<li>trustStore -- This specifies the truststore that the

client uses to verify server certificates. It can be String::EMPTY if

no truststore exists. </li>

<li>certPath -- This specifies the x509 certificate of the

client that will be sent during an SSL handshake. Note that this

certificate will only be sent if the server requests it. If this option

is specified, the keyPath parameter must also be specified.</li>

<li>keyPath -- This specifies the private key of the client.

If this option is specified, the certPath parameter must also be

specified.</li>

<li>crlPath -- This specifies an optional CRL store path. The

client checks the CRL list first, before attempting any further

authentication, including the user-specified callback.</li>

<li>verifyCert -- This is a user-specified verification

callback. If this is set to null, the default OpenSSL verification

callback will be executed. You can implement this method to "trust all

servers" or to perform additional authentication checks that OpenSSL

does not perform by default.</li>

<li>randomFile -- A file to seed the pseudo random number

generator (PRNG).</li>

</ul>

Here are some general guidelines on implementing peer verification

for the client:

<ul>

<li>The client should enable peer verification by specifying a

truststore and (optionally) a user-specified callback function.</li>

<li>The client should employ a truststore in order to properly verify

the server. The truststore should contain a file or directory of

trusted CA certificates. The cimtrust CLI cannot be used to

configure client truststores. The trusted certificate(s) should be

placed in a protected file or directory specified by the trustStore

parameter. Keep in mind that the SSL context generally has to be

reloaded to pick up any truststore changes.</li>

<li>The client could also use a user-specified callback in addition

to the default verification callback, if additional verifications are

desired over the normal checks that OpenSSL performs. In most cases,

the default verification callback is sufficient for checking server

certificates.</li>

<li>The client should ensure that adequate entropy is attained.</li>

<li>The client should use a CRL store if the truststore contains CA

certificates that support one.</li>

<li>The client should only use the SSLv3 and TLSv1 protocols. By

default, Pegasus is not built with SSLv2 support.</li>

<li>The client should perform post-connection checks. </li>

<ul>

<li>Ensure a certificate was received.</li>

<ul>

<li>WARNING:  In some implementations of SSL

<li>WARNING:  In some implementations of SSL a NULL server

a NULL server certificate is perfectly valid and authenticates against

certificate is perfectly valid and authenticates against all trust

all trust stores.  If the client does not ensure a certificate

stores.  If the client does not ensure a certificate exists then

exists then the client is not providing server authentication and could

the client is not providing server authentication and could have a

have a security bulletin class defect.</li>

security bulletin class defect.</li>

</ul>

<li>Validate that the certificate received was issued to the

host for which the client was attempting to connect.</li>

<ul>

<li>Ensure that the common name (CN) in the server’s

certificate subject matches the host name of the server.  For X509v3

certificates, the “SubjectAltName”

fields in the certificate's extended attributes are also valid host names

for the certificate. </li>

<li>WARNING:  If the client does not ensure

the host name of the server is the same as one of the host names explicitly

described in the server’s certificate, you have not authenticated

the server’s identity.  Any other server which was issued

a certificate from the same trusted CA can masquerade as the server

unless the client performs the host name check.</li>

</ul>

<li>Ensure that certificate verification methods/routines

<li>Validate that the certificate received was issued to the host

return no errors.</li>

for which the client was attempting to connect.</li>

<ul>

<li>Ensure that the common name (CN) in the server’s certificate

subject matches the host name of the server.  For X509v3

certificates, the “SubjectAltName” fields

in the certificate's extended attributes are also valid host names for

the certificate. </li>

<li>WARNING:  If the client does not ensure the host name of

the server is the same as one of the host names explicitly described in

the server’s certificate, you have not authenticated the server’s

identity.  Any other server which was issued a certificate from

the same trusted CA can masquerade as the server unless the client

performs the host name check.</li>

</ul>

<li>Ensure that certificate verification methods/routines return no

errors.</li>

</UL>

</ul>

Because only the above arguments can be passed into the Pegasus SSLContext, there are some limitations in the client configuration:

Because only the above arguments can be passed into the Pegasus

<UL>

SSLContext, there are some limitations in the client configuration:

<LI>The verification depth cannot be specified. Pegasus uses the default OpenSSL depth of 9.</LI>

<LI>The cipher list cannot be specified. Pegasus uses the default OpenSSL cipher list. The cipher lists can be found at

<ul>

<A HREF="http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#SSL_v3_0_cipher_suites_">http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#SSL_v3_0_cipher_suites_</A> and

<li>The verification depth cannot be specified. Pegasus uses the

<A HREF="http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#TLS_v1_0_cipher_suites_">http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#TLS_v1_0_cipher_suites_</A></LI>

default OpenSSL depth of 9.</li>

</UL>

<li>The cipher list cannot be specified. Pegasus uses the default

OpenSSL cipher list. The cipher lists can be found at <a

href="http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#SSL_v3_0_cipher_suites_">http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#SSL_v3_0_cipher_suites_</a>

<H3><A NAME="AUTH">SSL Authorization</A></H3>

and <a

The following paragraphs concern authorization of users authenticated by certificate on the cimserver's HTTPS port.

href="http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#TLS_v1_0_cipher_suites_">http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#TLS_v1_0_cipher_suites_</a></li>

It is important to note that SSL certificates are verified during the initial

<li>No hostname checking is performed to ensure that the subject

handshake, BEFORE any further authentication takes place. If a certificate fails,

field of the distinguished name (DN) matches the hostname. If desired,

the connection can be terminated immediately, resulting in a connection exception.

a user-specified callback should be configured to perform this check or

This scenario will occur if the sslClientVerification property is set to "required"

any additional checks relevant to the application.</li>

and no certificate or an untrusted certificate is sent. The export connection

</ul>

will also terminate the connection if an untrusted certificate is presented.

<h3><a name="AUTH">SSL Authorization</a></h3>

Once a certificate is verified, no further authentication is attempted.

The following paragraphs concern authorization of users

This effectively results in any basic or local authentication headers being

authenticated by certificate on the cimserver's HTTPS port.

ignored.

It is important to note that SSL certificates are verified during

Further authorization checks may be performed when validating

the initial handshake, BEFORE any further authentication takes place.

the user that is mapped to the certificate. First, the user that is registered to the certificate

If a certificate fails, the connection can be terminated immediately,

is validated as a valid system user and a valid cimuser (if the cimuser function has been configured).

resulting in a connection exception. This scenario will occur if the

Additionally, if Pegasus was configured to use PAM, the pam_acct_mgmt function will be called with the

sslClientVerification property is set to "required" and no certificate

user that is mapped to the certificate. This ensures that any login conditions that would have been placed

or an untrusted certificate is sent.

on a user authenticated via basic authentication are still applied to a user authenticated via certificate.

Further authorization checks must be performed when

The pam_authenticate method will NOT be called. Lastly, the providers must authorize the user. They receive the

validating the user that is mapped to the certificate. First, the user

username that was mapped to the certificate in the OperationContext.

that is registered to the certificate is validated as a valid system

user and a valid cimuser (if the cimuser function has been configured).

<H3><A NAME="RESOURCES">Resources</A></H3>

In the case of

a certificate chain, the username authorization starts with the leaf

certificate. If it successfully finds a mapping

For OpenSSL information pick up a copy of O'Reilly's Network Security with OpenSSL or go to the OpenSSL Site:

for the leaf certificate, it continues; if there is no username for the

<A HREF="http://www.openssl.org">http://www.openssl.org</A>

leaf certificate, the validation proceeds up to the root certificate.

If the root certificate is reached and there is still no mapped

username, the authorization fails.

A really fabulous guide on certificate management and installation with OpenSSL:

Additionally, if Pegasus was configured to use PAM, the

<A HREF="http://www.gagravarr.org/writing/openssl-certs/index.shtml">http://www.gagravarr.org/writing/openssl-certs/index.shtml</A>

pam_acct_mgmt function will be called with the user that is mapped to

the certificate. This ensures that any login conditions that would have

been placed on a user authenticated via basic authentication are still

x509 Certificate and CRL RFC:

applied to a user authenticated via certificate. The pam_authenticate

<A HREF="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2459.txt?number=2459">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2459.txt?number=2459</A>

method will NOT be called. Lastly, the providers must authorize the

user. They receive the username that was mapped to the certificate in

the OperationContext.

SSLv3 RFC:

<h3><a name="EXT">Critical Extension Handling</a></h3>

<A HREF="http://wp.netscape.com/eng/ssl3/">http://wp.netscape.com/eng/ssl3</A>

The extensions defined for X.509 v3 certificates provide methods for

associating additional attributes with users or public keys and for

TLSv1 RFC:

managing the certification hierarchy. Each extension in a certificate

may be designated as critical or non-critical. Pegasus relies on the

underlying OpenSSL implementation to handle critical extensions

specified in a certificate. Please refer to the OpenSSL documentation

Basic Authentication RFC:

for more information on currently supported extensions in OpenSSL and

on the behavior of OpenSSL in the case of unhandled critical extensions.

<h3><a name="RESOURCES">Resources</a></h3>

For OpenSSL information pick up a copy of O'Reilly's Network Security

with OpenSSL or go to the OpenSSL Site:

<a href="http://www.openssl.org">http://www.openssl.org</a>

A really fabulous guide on certificate management and installation

with OpenSSL:

<a href="http://www.gagravarr.org/writing/openssl-certs/index.shtml">http://www.gagravarr.org/writing/openssl-certs/index.shtml</a>

x509 Certificate and CRL RFC:

<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2459.txt?number=2459">http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2459.txt?number=2459</a>

SSLv3 RFC:

<a href="http://wp.netscape.com/eng/ssl3/">http://wp.netscape.com/eng/ssl3</a>

TLSv1 RFC:

Basic Authentication RFC:

<hr>

Licensed to The Open Group (TOG) under one or more contributor license

agreements. Refer to the OpenPegasusNOTICE.txt file distributed with

this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.

Company, L.P.; IBM Corp.; The Open Group; VERITAS Software Corporation

Each contributor licenses this file to you under the OpenPegasus Open

Source License; you may not use this file except in compliance with the

License.

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person

copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),

to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation

obtaining a copy  of this software and associated documentation files (the

the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,

and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the

"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without

Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included

limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute,

in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS

sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom

OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF

MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.

the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY

CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,

TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE

SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

THE ABOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICE AND THIS PERMISSION NOTICE SHALL BE INCLUDED IN ALL

COPIES OR SUBSTANTIAL PORTIONS OF THE SOFTWARE. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED 

"AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT

LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE

AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE

LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF

CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE

SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

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